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the architect
ArchE—the Architecture Expert
The Architecture Expert (ArchE) tool is an experimental assistant to the architect that the SEI has been developing for several years. With the current release of Version 2.1, it is available for non-commercial use.
One of the SEI’s axioms is that quality-attribute requirements such as those for security, performance, modifiability, usability, and so forth have a dominant influence on a software architecture. A reasonable question in light of this axiom is “How can quality-attribute knowledge be codified to help the architect during the design process?” ArchE is a system that embodies our efforts to codify quality-attribute knowledge.
ArchE is based on four different concepts:
- Quality-attribute scenarios. ArchE requires that quality-attribute scenarios be specified in a six-part formal structure involving a stimulus, a stimulus source, an environment, an artifact being stimulated, a response, and a response measure.
- Responsibilities. Activities within the system being designed are represented by responsibilities. As the design process progresses, responsibilities are added, split, or modified to support the achievement of particular quality-attribute requirements.
- Reasoning frameworks. Quality-attribute knowledge is encapsulated into reasoning frameworks. A reasoning framework includes abstracting relevant quality-attribute knowledge from an architecture, evaluating whether the architecture meets the requirements for that quality attribute, and proposing tactics as improvement mechanisms.
- Architectural tactics. An architectural tactic is a means of satisfying a quality-attribute response by manipulating some aspect of the architecture.
One analogy for ArchE is tax preparation software. That is, tax preparation software encapsulates a great deal of knowledge about the structure of the tax code and has the ability to check for consistency, but the information on which the tax return is based and the correctness of the resulting return depend on the information provided by the user. ArchE has knowledge of quality attributes and how to relate quality requirements to architecture design, but has no knowledge of the semantics of the system being designed. The architect must provide ArchE with information about system semantics.
To use ArchE during the design process, the architect provides design knowledge and judgment, and ArchE provides quality-attribute knowledge. The dialogue between the architect and ArchE proceeds as follows:
- The architect inputs
- features that need to be computed by the system being designed
- quality-attribute requirements specified as scenarios
- ArchE asks for information necessary to determine quality-attribute behavior, such as execution time for various features or cost of change of various features.
- ArchE
- proposes a design;
- identifies quality-attribute scenarios that are not achieved by that design;
- presents a list of tactics that might improve the design; for example:
- Insert an intermediary to improve the modifiability in a certain area.
- Introduce concurrency in an area to improve performance.
- The architect chooses one or more tactics, and ArchE applies these tactics to produce a new proposed design.
- The architect then may need to provide additional information to the new design such as a meaningful name for a common service or computation time for an intermediary.
- This process repeats until
- the quality attribute requirements are met;
- the architect is happy with the result; or
- ArchE has no more proposals.
Version 2.1 of ArchE is now available online. It includes quality-attribute knowledge about modifiability and real-time performance. It has been used successfully in a graduate-level software architecture class at Clemson University. ArchE depends on the following software, which is all freely available for non-commercial use:
- JESS. JESS is a rule engine written in Java that has the ability to interact with pure Java code. JESS is used to manage the rules that ArchE uses for the design process and for interacting with the reasoning frameworks.
- MySQL. MySQL is a database-management system. It is used to store portions of the JESS fact base that persist across different design alternatives. It is also used to interact with external tools that must either access the output of ArchE or provide input into ArchE.
- Eclipse. Eclipse is an open-source development platform. ArchE uses Eclipse to manage its user interface.
The target audience for this release includes educators who want to incorporate software architecture design concepts into their classes and others who are interested in exploring the use of tactics within an architecture-design process.
If you are interested in using ArchE on a commercial project, contact Greg Such at gsuch@sei.cmu.edu.
If you are interested in downloading a copy of ArchE, visit http://www.sei.cmu.edu/architecture/arche.html to get started.
About the Author
Len Bass is a senior member of the technical staff at the Software Engineering Institute who participates in the High Dependability Computing Program. He has written two award-winning books on software architecture as well as several other books and numerous papers in a wide variety of areas of computer science and software engineering. He is currently working on techniques for the methodical design of software architectures and to understand how to support usability through software architecture. He has been involved in the development of numerous production or research software systems ranging from operating systems to database management systems to automotive systems.
The views expressed in this article are the author's only and do not represent directly or imply any official position or view of the Software Engineering Institute or Carnegie Mellon University. This article is intended to stimulate further discussion about this topic.